Abstract Given the growing attention to community environmental education (CEE), this study develops a theoretical heuristic for this approach through a retroductive process by (1) examining theories appropriate for a CEE conceptual framework; (2) testing this framework in diverse contexts to determine its viability, and (3) reconceptualizing the framework. The framework hypothesizes that a community of practice focused on improving the conditions of local natural resources will exemplify transformative learning and empowerment if the community of practice is successful. Initial testing involved case studies of two groups from diverse contexts. Results indicated both groups organized as communities of practice. However, evidence showing improved local natural resources, transformative learning, and empowerment was lacking. Instead, there was evidence of enhanced agency and self-efficacy, requiring a reconceptualized framework.
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