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Verfasser/-in:	Liu, Feng
Hauptsachtitel:	Environmental justice analysis.
Untertitel/Zusätze:	Theories, methods, and practice.
Erscheinungsort:	Boca Raton
Erscheinungsjahr:	2001
ISBN:	1566704030
	9781566704038
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Kurzinfo:	Chapter 1 Environmental Justice, Equity, and Policies -- 1.1 Environmental Justice Movement 1 -- 1.2 Environmental Justice Policies 5 -- 1.3 Environmental Justice Analysis 10 -- Chapter 2 Theories and Hypotheses -- 2.1 Theories of Justice and Equity 19 -- 2.1.1 Utilitarianism 20 -- 2.1.2 Contractarianism and Egalitarianism 22 -- 2.1.3 Libertarianism 23 -- 2.1.4 Which Theory? 24 -- 2.2 Economic Theory and Location Theory 26 -- 2.2.1 Externality and Public Goods 27 -- 2.2.2 Welfare Economics 28 -- 2.2.3 Residential Location Theory 30 -- 2.2.4 Industrial Location Theory 33 -- 2.3 Theories of Risk 34 -- 2.3.1 Psychometric Theory 35 -- 2.3.2 Expected Utility Theory 36 -- 2.3.3 Cultural Theory 36 -- 2.3.4 Sociological Theory 37 -- 2.4 Theories of Neighborhood Change 37 -- 2.4.1 Classical Invasion-Succession Model 38 -- 2.4.2 Neighborhood Life-Cycle Model 39 -- 2.4.3 Push-Pull Model 40 -- 2.4.4 Institutional Theory of Neighborhood Change 41 -- Chapter 3 Methodology and Analytical Framework for Environmental Justice and Equity Analysis -- 3.1 Inquiry and Environmental Justice Analysis 45 -- 3.1.1 Positivism and Participatory Research 45 -- 3.1.2 Scientific Reasoning 47 -- 3.1.3 Validity 47 -- 3.1.4 Causality 51 -- 3.2 Methodological Issues in Environmental Justice Research 52 -- 3.3 Integrated Analytical Framework 55 -- Chapter 4 Measuring Environmental and Human Impacts -- 4.1 Environmental and Human Impacts: Concepts and Processes 61 -- 4.2 Modeling and Simulating Environmental Risks 65 -- 4.2.1 Modeling Exposure 66 -- 4.2.1.1 Emission Models 67 -- 4.2.1.2 Dispersion Models 69 -- 4.2.1.3 Time-Activity Patterns and Exposure Models 71 -- 4.2.2 Modeling Dose-Response 72 -- 4.3 Measuring and Modeling Economic Impacts 75 -- 4.3.1 Contingent Valuation Method 75 -- 4.3.2 Hedonic Price Method 76 -- 4.4 Measuring Environmental and Human Impacts for Environmental Justice Analysis 81 -- 4.5 Critique and Response of a Risk-Based Approach to Equity Analysis 86 -- Chapter 5 Quantifying and Projecting Population Distribution -- 5.1 Census 93 -- 5.2 Population Measurements: Who Is Disadvantaged? 95 -- 5.2.1 Race and Ethnicity 96 -- 5.2.2 Income 99 -- 5.2.3 Highly Susceptible of Exposed Subpopulations 104 -- 5.2.4 Age 105 -- 5.2.5 Housing 107 -- 5.2.6 Education 108 -- 5.3 Population Distribution 108 -- 5.4 Population Projection and Forecast 110 -- 5.4.1 Methods 111 -- 5.4.2 Choosing the Right Method 113 -- Chapter 6 Defining Units of Analysis -- 6.1 Debate on Choice of Unit of Analysis 117 -- 6.2 Census Geography: Concepts, Criteria, and Hierarchy 120 -- 6.2.1 Basic Hierarchy: Standard Geographic Units 120 -- 6.2.2 Non-Standard Geographic Units 126 -- 6.3 Census Geography as a Unit of Equity Analysis: Consistency, Comparability, and Availability 128 -- 6.3.1 Hierarchical Relationship and Geographic Boundary 128 -- 6.3.2 Boundary Comparability over Time 129 -- 6.3.3 Data Availability and Comparability over Time 131 -- 6.4 Census Geography as a Unit of Equity Analysis: Which One? 133 -- 6.5 Alternative Units of Analysis 139 -- 6.5.1 Based on the Boundary of Environmental Impacts 140 -- 6.5.2 Based on the Boundary of Sociological Neighborhood 141 -- 6.5.3 Based on the Boundary of Economic Impacts 142 -- 6.5.4 Based on the Administrative/Political Boundary or Judicial Opinions 143 -- Chapter 7 Analyzing Data with Statistical Methods -- 7.1 Descriptive Statistics 145 -- 7.2 Inferential Statistics 149 -- 7.3 Correlation and Regression 152 -- 7.4 Probability and Discrete Choice Models 156 -- 7.5 Spatial Statistics 157 -- 7.6 Applications of Statistical Methods in Environmental Justice Studies 158 -- Chapter 8 Integrating, Analyzing, and Mapping Data with GIS -- 8.1 Spatial Measures and Concepts 164 -- 8.1.1 Spatials Data 164 -- 8.1.2 Spatial Data Structure 164 -- 8.1.3 Distance 165 -- 8.1.4 Centroid 165 -- 8.2 Spatial Interpolation 165 -- 8.2.1 Point Interpolation 166 -- 8.2.2 Areal Interpolation 167 -- 8.3 GIS-Based Units of Analysis for Equity Analysis 168 -- 8.3.1 Adjacency Analysis 168 -- 8.3.2 Buffer Analysis 168 -- 8.4 Overlay and Suitability Analysis 172 -- 8.5 GIS-Based Operationalization of Equity Criteria 174 -- 8.6 Integrating GIS and Urban and Environmental Models 175 -- Chapter 9 Modeling Urban Systems -- 9.1 Gravity Models, Spatial Interaction, and Entropy Maximization 178 -- 9.2 Deterministic Utility, Random Utility, and Discrete Choice 181 -- 9.2.1 Deterministic Utility and Optimization 182 -- 9.2.2 Random Utility Theory and Discrete Choice 183 -- 9.3 Policy Evaluation Measures 184 -- 9.4 Operational Models 186 -- 9.5 Integrating Urban and Environmental Models for Environmental Justice Analysis 191 -- Chapter 10 Equity Analysis of Air Pollution -- 10.1 Air Quality 195 -- 10.2 Relationship between Air Quality and Population Distribution: Theories, Methods, and Evidence 199 -- 10.2.1.1 Residential Location Theory and Spatial Interaction 199 -- 10.2.1.2 Risk Perception and Human Response to Air Quality 200 -- 10.2.1.3 Theories of Neighborhood Changes 201 -- 10.3 Spatial Interaction Modeling Approach to Testing Environmental Inequity 205 -- 10.3.1 Problem Definition 205 -- 10.3.2 Hypothesis 205 -- 10.3.3 Methods: Spatial Interaction Modeling Using DRAM 205 -- 10.3.4 Index Construction and Data Preparation 207 -- 10.3.5 Model Estimation 210 -- 10.3.6.1 Los Angeles 213 -- 10.3.6.2 Houston 215 -- 10.4 Equity Analysis of National Ambient Air Quality Standards 219 -- 10.4.3.1 Nonattainment Areas as a Whole 221 -- 10.4.3.2 Spatial Distribution and Regional Differences 223 -- 10.4.3.3 City vs. Non-City Nonattainment Areas 230 -- 10.4.3.4 Major Findings 233 -- 10.4.3.5 Implications for Environmental Policy 234 -- Chapter 11 Environmental Justice Analysis of Hazardous Waste Facilities, Superfund Sites, and Toxic Release Facilities 11.1 Equity Analysis of Hazardous Waste Facilities 237 -- 11.1.1 Hazardous Wastes 237 -- 11.1.2 Equity Analysis of Hazardous Waste Facilities 238 -- 11.1.2.1 Cross-Sectional National Studies 239 -- 11.1.2.2 Regional Studies 247 -- 11.1.3 Methodological Issues 248 -- 11.2 Equity Analysis of CERCLIS and Superfund Sites 250 -- 11.2.1 CERCLIS and Superfund Sites 250 -- 11.2.2 Hypotheses and Empirical Evidence 252 -- 11.2.3 Methodological Issues 257 -- 11.3 Equity Analysis of Toxic Release Facilities 258 -- 11.3.1 Toxic Releases Inventory 258 -- 11.3.2 National Studies and Evidence 261 -- 11.3.3 Regional Studies and Methodological Improvements 264 -- 11.3.4 Methodological Issues 266 -- Chapter 12 Dynamics Analysis of Locally Unwanted Land Uses -- 12.1 Methodological Issues in Dynamics Analysis 270 -- 12.2 Framework for Dynamics Analysis 273 -- 12.3 Revisiting the Houston Case: Hypothesis Testing 276 -- 12.4 Discussion of Alternative Hypotheses 279 -- 12.4.1 Invasion-Succession Hypothesis 279 -- 12.4.2 Life-Cycle Hypothesis 280 -- 12.4.3 Push Forces: Other Environmental Risks 282 -- Chapter 13 Equity Analysis of Transportation Systems, Projects, Plans, and Policies -- 13.1 Environmental Impacts of Transportation Systems 13.2 Incorporating Equity Analysis in the Transportation Planning Process 288 -- 13.3 Transportation System Performance Measures 291 -- 13.4 Equity Analysis of Mobility and Accessibility 292 -- 13.4.2 Using Accessibility for Equity Analysis 297 -- 13.4.3 Empirical Evidence about Mobility Disparity 300 -- 13.4.4 Accessibility Disparity and Spatial Mismatch 302 -- 13.5 Measuring Distributional Impacts on Property Values 304 -- 13.6 Measuring Environmental Impacts 307 -- 13.7 Equity Analysis of Transportation Policies 308 -- 13.8 Environmental Justice of Transportation in Court 311 -- 14.1 Internet-Based and Community-Based Tools 315 -- 14.1.1 EPA's Environfacts 315 -- 14.1.2 LandView III 14.1.3 Environmental Defense's Scorecard (http://www.scorecard.org/) 318.
Inhaltsverzeichnis :	Environmental Justice, Equity, and Policies The Environmental Justice Movement Environmental Justice Policies Environmental Justice Analysis The Debate on Terminology Overview of this Book Theories and Hypotheses Theories of Justice and Equity Utilitarianism Contractarianism and Egalitarianism Libertarianism Which Theory? Economic Theory and Location Theory Externality and Public Goods Welfare Economics Residential Location Theory Industrial Location Theory Theories of Risk Psychometric Theory Expected Utility Theory Cultural Theory Sociological Theory Theories of Neighborhood Change Classical Invasion-Succession Model Neighborhood Life-Cycle Model Push-Pull Model Institutional Theory of Neighborhood Change Summary Methodology and Analytical Framework for Environmental Justice and Equity Analysis Inquiry and Environmental Justice Analysis Positivism and Participatory Research Scientific Reasoning Validity Causality Methodological Issues in Environmental Justice Research Integrated Analytical Framework Measuring Environmental and Human Impacts Environmental and Human Impacts: Concepts and Processes Modeling and Simulating Environmental Risks Modeling Exposure Emission Models Dispersion Models Time-Activity Patterns and Exposure Models Modeling Dose-Response Measuring and Modeling Economic Impacts Contingent Valuation Method Hedonic Price Method Measuring Environmental and Human Impacts for Environmental Justice Analysis Critique and Response of a Risk-Based Approach to Equity Analysis Summary Quantifying and Projecting Population Distribution Census Population Measurements: Who Is Disadvantaged? Race and Ethnicity Income Highly Susceptible of Exposed Subpopulations Age Housing Education Population Distribution Population Projection and Forecast Methods Choosing the Right Method Summary Defining Units of Analysis The Debate on Choice of Unit of Analysis Census Geography: Concepts, Criteria, and Hierarchy Basic Hierarchy: Standard Geographic Units Non-Standard Geographic Units Census Geography as a Unit of Equity Analysis: Consistency, Comparability, and Availability Hierarchical Relationship and Geographic Boundary Boundary Comparability over Time Data Availability and Comparability over Time Census Geography as a Unit of Equity Analysis: Which One? Alternative Units of Analysis Based on the Boundary of Environmental Impacts Based on the Boundary of Sociological Neighborhood Based on the Boundary of Economic Impacts Based on the Administrative/Political Boundary or Judicial Opinions Summary Analyzing Data with Statistical Methods Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics Correlation and Regression Probability and Discrete Choice Models Spatial Statistics Applications of Statistical Methods in Environmental Justice Studies Integrating, Analyzing, and Mapping Data with GIS Spatial Measures and Concepts Spatial Data Spatial Data Structure Distance Centroid Spatial Interpolation Point Interpolation Areal Interpolation GIS-Based Units of Analysis for Equity Analysis Adjacency Analysis Buffer Analysis Overlay and Suitability Analysis GIS-Based Operationalization of Equity Criteria Integrating GIS and Urban and Environmental Models Modeling Urban Systems Gravity Models, Spatial Interaction, and Entropy Maximization Deterministic Utility, Random Utility, and Discrete Choice Deterministic Utility and Optimization Random Utility Theory and Discrete Choice Policy Evaluation Measures Operational Models Integrating Urban and Environmental Models for Environmental Justice Analysis Equity Analysis of Air Pollution Air Quality Relationship between Air Quality and Population Distribution: Theories, Methods, and Evidence Theories Residential Location Theory and Spatial Interaction Risk Perception and Human Response to Air Quality Theories of Neighborhood Changes Methods Spatial Interaction Modeling Approach to Testing Environmental Inequity Problem Definition Hypothesis Methods: Spatial Interaction Modeling Using DRAM Index Construction and Data Preparation Model Estimation Results Los Angeles Houston Discussions and Conclusions Equity Analysis of National Ambient Air Quality Standards Problem Definition Methods Results and Discussion Nonattainment Areas as a Whole Spatial Distribution and Regional Differences City vs. Non-City Nonattainment Areas Major Findings Implications for Environmental Policy Environmental Justice Analysis of Hazardous Waste Facilities, Superfund Sites, and Toxic Release Facilities Equity Analysis of Hazardous Waste Facilities Hazardous Wastes Equity Analysis of Hazardous Waste Facilities Cross-Sectional National Studies Regional Studies Methodological Issues Equity Analysis of CERCLIS and Superfund Sites CERCLIS and Superfund Sites Hypotheses and Empirical Evidence Methodological Issues Equity Analysis of Toxic Release Facilities Toxic Releases Inventory National Studies and Evidencep Regional Studies and Methodological Improvements Methodological Issues Summary Dynamics Analysis of Locally Unwanted Land Uses Methodological Issues in Dynamics Analysis Framework for Dynamics Analysis Revisiting the Houston Case: Hypothesis Testing Data Tests Results Discussion of Alternative Hypotheses Invasion-Succession Hypothesis Life-Cycle Hypothesis Push Forces: Other Environmental Risks Conclusions Equity Analysis of Transportation Systems, Projects, Plans, and Policies Environmental Impacts of Transportation Systems Incorporating Equity Analysis in the Transportation Planning Process Transportation System Performance Measures Equity Analysis of Mobility and Accessibility Concepts and Methods Using Accessibility for Equity Analysis Empirical Evidence about Mobility Disparity Accessibility Disparity and Spatial Mismatch Measuring Distributional Impacts on Property Values Measuring Environmental Impacts Equity Analysis of Transportation Policies Environmental Justice of Transportation in Court Summary Trends and Conclusions Internet-Based and Community-Based Tools EPA's Environfacts LandView III Environmental Defense's Scorecard (http://www.scorecard.org/) Trends and Conclusions References Index Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.