The notion of participation is used with considerably different meanings in educational approaches to health, citizenship, environmental or sustainability education. This carries with it the danger of arbitrariness and blurring its conceptual contours that could impair the term′s analytical usefulness. The paper addresses this pitfall and provides an introduction to the debate. It offers a cursory review of different normative and analytical perspectives on participation in ESD and integrates commonly addressed themes into a heuristic that seeks to assist with the practical development of and scholarly research on participatory approaches to education for sustainable development and consumer education.