SummaryAlthough there are different interpretations of environmental education, they all share two assumptions, i.e. that environmental education is a desirable objective, and that it needs to be implemented as widely and as urgently as possible. This paper argues that these two assumptions cannot be taken for granted in South Africa, with its particular history of apartheid and developmental needs. I examine four possible responses to the dominant Western/Northern interpretation of environmental education and argue that in South Africa the fourth response may prove to be the most fruitful one to pursue, for it moves beyond tensions generated by race and class issues.